Bibliography

Lena Abrosimova (Legal Support Branch, Charities Aid Foundation - Moscow), October 24, 1995, Moscow.

Vladimir Alekseev (St. Petersburg Organization "Soldiers’ Mothers"), October 18, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Vladimir Alekseev (Director, St. Petersburg Independent Group for Human Rights), October 16, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Boris Altshuler (President, Movement Without Frontiers), September 28, 1995, Moscow.

Sasha Asman (Memorial - Moscow), October 26, 1995, Moscow.

Vyacheslav Bakhmin (Director, Open Society), October 26, 1995, Moscow.

Vitaly Bogdanov (Agency Director, Express Chronicle News Agency), October 3, 23 and 26, 1995, Moscow.

Scott Charlesworth (Director, World Learning - Moscow), October 24, 1995, Moscow.

Oleg Chirikov (Director, Right to Life and Human Dignity Society), September 21, 1995, Moscow.

Maria Kirbasova (President, Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers), September 22, 1995, Moscow.

Olga Krause (Director, Independent Women’s Association), October 11, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Mikhail Kukobaka (Coordinator, Moscow Helsinki Group), October 2, 1995, Moscow.

Aleksandr Kykharsky (Director, "Wings" Association), October 12, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Sergei Levin (Director of the St. Petersburg Institute of Theology and Philosophy and member of Human Rights House), October 12, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Veronika Marchenko (Director, "Mother’s Right" Foundation), September 22, 1995, Moscow.

Anya Mikholap (Volunteer Coordinator, United Way International - Moscow), September 29, 1995, Moscow.

Boris Miller (Director, International Society for Human Rights - Moscow), October 10, 1995, Moscow.

Anatoly Mordkovich (Coordinator, Moscow Helsinki Group), October 2, 1995, Moscow.

Aleksandr Podrabinek (Executive Director, Express Chronicle News Agency), October 23 and 26, 1995, Moscow.

Ella Polyakova (Director, St. Petersburg Organization "Soldiers’ Mothers"), October 16 and 18, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Oleg Ponfilov (Glasnost Defense Fund), October 23, 1995, Moscow.

Vladimir Poresh (Director, Human Rights House), October 12, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Andrei Pribylov (Information Network Project Coordinator, Moscow Research Center for Human Rights), September 22, 1995, Moscow.

Oleg Pustintsev (Director, Citizen’s Control), October 18, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Vladimir Raskin (Public Relations Director, Moscow Research Center for Human Rights), October 10, 1995, Moscow.

Yuri Samadurov (Sakharov Foundation), October 23, 1995, Moscow.

Sergei Sayapin (Coordinator of "Oblaka" Radio Program, Moscow Center for Prison Reform), October 2, 1995, Moscow.

Yuri Schmidt (Director, Russian Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights), October 13, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Valery Sergeev (Coordinator of Information Center and Network, Moscow Center for Prison Reform), October 2, 1995, Moscow.

Vladimir Shnitke (Human Rights Section, St. Petersburg Memorial Society), October 17, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Andrei Sinelnikov (Charitable Foundation "Human Soul"), September 27, 1995, Moscow.

Aleksei Smirnov (Director, Moscow Research Center for Human Rights), October 25, 1995, Moscow.

Sergei Smirnov (Technical Director, Moscow Research Center for Human Rights), September 22, 1995, Moscow.

Boris Suvorov (Group Coordinator, Amnesty International Moscow), October 8, 1995, Moscow.

Andrei Tsyurupa (Moscow Helsinki Group), October 2, 1995, Moscow.

Liubov Vinogradova (Director, Independent Psychiatric Association), September 21, 1995, Moscow.

Yuri Yereev (Director, Tchaikovsky Foundation), October 11, 1995, St. Petersburg.

Tatyana Znachkova (Board Member, Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers), September 22, 1995, Moscow.

Events

"Human Rights -- Legal Aspects" conference sponsored by Charities Aid Foundation, September 28, 1995, Moscow.

Memorial Press Conference on the release of Using All Available Means, October 25, 1995, Moscow.

Profi Nonprofit Organization meeting, September 28, 1995, Moscow.

Organization Publications and Brochures
(See group profiles for publication information)

Amnesty International:

Amnesty International Bulletin

Express Chronicle News Agency:

Express Chronicle Weekly Newspaper
Express Chronicle Daily Wire
Express Chronicle Weekly News Summary

Moscow Research Center for Human Rights:

Moscow Research Center for Human Rights Newsletter
Human Rights in Russia: Information Network Project Newsletter

Independent Psychiatric Association:

Journal of the Independent Psychiatric Association

Moscow Center for Prison Reform:

In Aid to Prisoners: How to Survive in a Soviet Prison
Letters From the Zones (December 1991)
Tuberculosis in Russian Prisons and Camps
Prison Reform in Former Totalitarian Countries: Papers From the International Conference, vols. 1-2
Human Rights Abuses During Arrest and Detainment, vol. 1
The Prison World Through the Eyes of a Political Prisoner
Letters From the Zones (End of the 1980s)

"Mother’s Right" Foundation:

The Memory Book: 100 of the 15,000 (editions 1-3)

International Society for Human Rights:

The White Book of Russia

Moscow Helsinki Group:

The History, Philosophy, Principles and Methodology of Legal Defense Activities
The Nationalities Problem and Human Rights
Social Problems and Human Rights
Individual Human Rights
Judicial Defense of Human Rights
The Right to Freedom of Movement
Freedom of Speech and to the Means of Mass Communication

Organization "Soldiers’ Mothers":

The Defense of the Legal Rights of Conscripts: From Our Working Experience
The Rights of Conscripts and Servicemen in the Russian Army (from materials published in the periodic press)

Glasnost Defense Fund:

"Hot Spots": A Handbook For Journalists
Journalists and Journalism in the Russian Provinces: Survey Results
Creating a Spirit of Cooperation: Standards of Honesty in the Journalistic Community
The Persecution of Journalists and the Press in the Territories of the Former Soviet Union in 1994

Memorial:

Memorial - Aspect (Moscow)
Memorial - Karta (Ryzan)
Memorial Journal (St. Petersburg)
Using All Means Possible: The Operation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the Village of Samashkin 7-8 April, 1995

Movement Without Frontiers:

"Right to Life and Human Dignity" Society:

Afanasyev, Yuri. "Russian Reform Is Dead: Back to Central Planning," Foreign Affairs 73:2 (March/April 1994): 21-26.

Alexeyeva, Ludmilla. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements in National Religious and Human Rights. Conn.: Weslyan Univ. Press, 1985.

Alexeyeva, Olga. Blagotvoritelnoe Dvizhenie: Regioni Rossii. Charities Aid Foundation, 1995.

Amnesty International. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR: Their Treatment and Conditions. London: Amnesty International, 1975.

Arato, Andrew. "Civil Society Against the State: Poland 1980-81." Telos, 47 (Spring 1981): .

Arato, Andrew and Jean Cohen. "Social Movements, Civil Society, and the Problem of Sovereignty." Praxis International, 4:3 (1984): .

Armijo, Leslie, Thomas Biersteker and Abraham Lowenthal. "The Problems of Simultaneous Transition," Journal of Democracy 5:4 (October 1994): 161-175.

Barry, Donald D. (ed.). Toward the "Rule of Law" in Russia? : Political and Legal Reform in the Transition Period. New York: . E. Sharpe, 1992.

Bialer, Seweryn (ed.) Politics, Society and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.

Bloch, Sidney, and Peter Reddaway. Russia’s Political Hospitals: The Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1977.

Bonnell, Victoria E. "Voluntary Associations in Gorbachev’s Reform Program." In George W. Breslauer (ed.), Can Gorbachev’s Reforms Succeed? Berkeley: Univ. of California Center for Slavic and East European Studies, 1990.

Breslauer, George W. "Evaluating Gorbachev as a Leader." Soviet Economy 5:4 (1989): 299-340.

_____. "In Defense of Sovietology," Post-Soviet Affairs 8:3 (1992): 197-238.

_____. "On the Adaptability of Soviet Welfare State Authoritarianism." In Karl W. Ryavec (ed.), Soviet Society and the Communist Party. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1978).

Brezhinski, Zbigniew. "The Soviet Political System: Transformation or Degradation?" Problems of Communism XV:1 (January/February 1966):1-16.

Brovkin, Vladimir. "Revolution from Below: Informal Political Associations in Russia, 1988-89." Soviet Studies 42:2 (1990): 233-257.

Bunce, Valerie. "The Political Economy of the Brezhnev Era: The Rise and Fall of Corporatism," British Journal of Political Science 129-158.

_____. "Two-Tiered Stalinism: A Case of Self-Destruction," In Kazimierz Z. Poznanski (ed.) Constructing Capitalism: The Reemergence of Civil Society and Liberal Economy in the Post-Communist World (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992): 22-45.

Butterfield, Jim. "The State Responds to Informal Groups." Nationalities Papers XVIII:2 (Fall 1990): 56-64.

Carroll, Thomas F. Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots Development. Connecticutt: Kumarian Press, 1992.

Chaldize, Valery. Prava cheloveka I sovetskii soiuz. New York: Khronika, 1974.

"Chechen War Meets Mounting Opposition," Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press XLVI:52 (January 25, 1995): 11.

Chernenko, Konstantin U. Human Rights in Soviet Society. New York: International Publishers, 1981.

Chkhikvadze, Viktor. "The Covenants on Human Rights: Their Historical Significance." International Affairs 1 (1987): 55-61.

_____. Problema svobody I prav cheloveka v sovremennoi ideologicheskoi borbe. Moscow: Izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1986.

Chkhikvadze, Viktor, and E. A. Lukasheva. Sotsialisticheskaia kontseptiia prav cheloveka. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

Clark, John. "The State, Popular Participation, and the Voluntary Sector," World Development 23:4 (1995): 593-601.

Cohen, Jean and Andrew Arato. Civil Society and Political Theory. Mass.: MIT Press, 1992.

Cohen, Jean. "Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements." Social Research 52:4 (Winter 1985): .

Cohen, Stephen. "The Friends and Foes of Change: Reformism and Conservativism in the Soviet Union." In Cohen, Rabinowitch and Sharlet (eds.) The Soviet Union Since Stalin. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1980.

_____. Rethinking the Soviet Experience. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985.

_____. Sovieticus: American Perceptions and Soviet Realities. New York: Norton, 1986.

Coston, Jennifer. "Civil Society Literature Review: Democratic Governance and Civil Society’s Theoretical Development, Contemporary Conceptualization, and Institutional, Economic and Political Implications," prepared for USAID Global Bureau Center for Democracy, March 1995.

Coudenhove, Sophia. "Conscripts in Shock After Extension to Draft," The Moscow Times no. 814 (October 7, 1995): 1-2.

Crowe, Roy. Dobrovoltsi: kak ikh naiti, kak ikh uderzhat. Moscow, Raduga, 1994.

Dahl, Robert. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1971.

Devall, William B. "Social Science Research on Support of Human Rights," In Richard P. Claude (ed.), Comparative Human Rights. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1976): 326-352.

Diamond, Larry. "Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5:3 (July 1994): 4-17.

Diamond, Larry and Mark F. Plattner (eds.), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Revisited. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.

DiPalma, Guiseppe. "Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Politico-Cultural Change in Eastern Europe," World Politics 44 (October 1991): 49-80.

Donnelly, Jack. "Human Rights and Development: Complementary or Competing Concerns?" World Politics 36:2 (1984): 255-284.

_____. Human Rights and World Politics. Boulder: Westview, 1993.

_____. International Human Rights. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.

_____. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989.

Eisenstadt, S. N. "The Breakdown of Communist Regimes and the Vicissitudes of Modernity," Daedalus 121:2 (Spring 1992): 21-41.

Evans, Alfred B. "Problems of Conflict Management in Russian Politics," The Journal of Communist Studies 9:2 (June 1993): 1-19.

Falk, Richard. Human Rights and State Sovereignty. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1991.

Fields, A. Belden, and Wolf-Deiter Narr. "Human Rights as a Holistic Concept." Human Rights Quarterly 14 (1992): 1-20.

Fish, M. Steven. "The Emergence of Independent Associations and the Transformation of Russian Political Society." The Journal of Communist Studies 7:3 (September 1991): .

_____. Democracy From Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1995.

_____. "Russia’s Fourth Transition." Journal of Democracy 5:3 (July 1994): 31-42.

Fitzpatrick, Cathrine. Glasnost in Jeopardy. DC: Human Rights Watch, 1989.

_____. The Moscow Helsinki Monitors: their Vision, Their Achievements and the Price They Paid -- May 12, 1976-May 12, 1986. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1986.

_____. USSR: Human Rights Under Glasnost. DC: Human Rights Watch, 1989.

Forsythe, David. Human Rights and Development: International Views. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

_____. Human Rights and World Politics. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1983.

Frantz, Telmo Rudi. "The Role of NGOs in the Strengthening of Civil Society," World Development 15 (1987): 121-127.

Friedrich, Carl J. and Zbigniew K. Brezhinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1956.

Fukuyama, Francis. "Against the New Pessimism." Commentary 97:2 (February 1994): 25-29.

_____. "The End of History?" The National Interest 16 (1989): 3-18.

_____. "The Modernizing Imperative." The National Interest (Spring 1993): 10-18.

Gellner, Ernest. "Civil Society in Historical Perspective," International Social Science Journal 43:3 (August 1991): 495-510.

_____. Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals. New York: Penguin, 1994.

Geremek, Bronislaw. "Civil Society Then and Now." Journal of Democracy 3:2 (April 1992): 3-12.

Goodell, Grace and John P. Powelson. "The Democratic Prerequisites of Development," in Raymond Gasti (ed.), Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties. New York: Freedom House, 1982, 167-176.

Gorbachev, Mikhail S. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.

Gibson, James L., Raymond M. Duch, and Kent L. Tedin. "Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union," Journal of Politics 54:2 (May 1992), 329-371.

Giner, Salvador. "The Withering Away of Civil Society?" Praxis International 5:3 (1985).

Gortner, Mahler, and Nicholson (eds.). Organization Theory: A Public Perspective. Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1987.

"Goryachaya Liniya soldatskikh materei" Izvestia no. 196 (October 17, 1995): 1.

Gyani, Gabor. "Political Uses of Transition in Post-Communist East Central Europe," Social Research 60:4 (Winter 1993): 893-913.

Haas, Ernest B. Human Rights and International Action: The Case of Freedom of Association. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1970.

Hare, Paul. Lecture to seminar "Bureaucratic Capacity-Building in Transitional States", University of Washington, May 18, 1995.

Held, David. Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987.

Heller, Mikhail, and Aleksandr Nekrich. Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present. New York: Summit Books, 1986.

Helsinki Watch. From Below: Independent Peace and Environmental Movements in Eastern Europe and the USSR. New York: Helsinki Watch, 1987.

_____. Neformaly: Civil Society in the USSR. DC: Helsinki Watch, 1990.

_____. Ten Years later: Violations of the Helsinki Accords. New York: US Helsinki Watch Committee, 1985.

_____. Toward the Rule of Law: soviet Legal Reform and Human Rights Under Perestroika. New York: US Helsinki Watch Committee, 1989.

Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch World Report 1994. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994.

Holm, Hans-Henrik and Georg Sorensen. Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War. Boulder: Westview, 1995.

Hough, Jerry. "The Soviet System: Pertrification or Purification?" Problems of Communism (March-April 1972): 25-45.

_____. "Thinking About Thinking About Soviet Dissent," Studies in Comparative Communism XI:2-3 (Summer/Autumn 1979): 269-272.

Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy 2:2 (Spring 1991): 12-34.

_____. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1968.

_____. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99:2 (1984): .

Inkeles, Alex. Social Change in Soviet Russia. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1968.

Johnson, Nevil. "Institutions and Human Relations: A Search for Stability in a Changing World," American Behavioral Scientist 38:1 (September 1994): 26-43.

Joselyn, Bernadine. "Seminar Series Aims to Strengthen ‘Third Sector’ in Russia," IREX News in Brief, (July/August 1995): 1, 16-18.

Jowitt, Ken. New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1992.

Juviler, Peter. "Human Rights After Perestroika: Progress and Perils." Harriman Institute Forum 4:6 (June 1991): .

Juviler, Peter, and Bertram Gross (eds.). Human Rights for the 21st Century: Foundations for Responsible Hope. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.

Kamenka, Eugene. "Human Rights and the Soviet Future." In Shromtas, and Kaplan (eds.). The Soviet Union and the Challenge of the Future. New York: Paragon House, 1990.

Karl, Terry L. "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America." Comparative Politics 23:1 (October 1990): .

Karl, Terry L. and Philippe C. Schmitter. "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal 43 (1991): 269-284.

Kassof, Allen. "The Administered Society: Totalitarianism Without Terror," World Politics 16:4 (July 1964): 558-575.

Keane, John (ed.). Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives. New York: Verso, 1988.

Keane, John. Democracy and Civil Society. New York: Verso, 1988.

Kiss, Elizabeth. "Democracy Without Parties: ‘Civil Society’ in East-Central Europe," Dissent 39 (Spring 1992): 226-231.

Kitschelt, Herbert. The Logic of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989.

Klyamkin, Igor. "Russians pine for a firm (socialist) hand," Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 45:45 (December 8, 1993): 19-20.

Kolakowski, Leszek. "Amidst Moving Ruins," Daedalus 121:3 (Spring 1992): 43-56.

Korten, David C. "Third Generation NGO Strategies: A Key to People-Centered Development," World Development 15 (1987): 145-161.

"Kovalyov Reports Facts of Civilian Deaths in Grozny," Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press XLVI:52 (January 25, 1995): 13.

"Kovalyov Reports Massive Human Rights Violations," Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press XLVI:29 (August 17, 1994): 1-8.

Kowaleski, David. "The Multinationalization of Soviet Dissent." Nationalities Papers XI:2 (Fall 1993): 206-230.

Kozyrev, Andrei. "Russia and Human Rights," Slavic Review 51:2 (Summer 1992): 287-293.

Lapenno, Ivo. Human Rights Theory and Practice: Helsinki and International Law. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1977.

Lapidus, Gail W. "The Crisis of Perestroika," Journal of Democracy 2:2 (Spring 1991): 47-53.

_____. "State and Society: Towards the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union." In Seweryn Bialer (ed.), Politics, Society, and Nationality in Gorbachev’s Russia. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989): 121-147.

Laquer, Walter. Soviet Realities: Culture and Politics from Stalin to Gorbachev. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1990.

Lesage, Michel. "The Crisis of Public Administration in Russia," Public Administration 71 (Spring/Summer 1993): 121-133.

Lewin, Moshe. The Gorbachev Phenomenon. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1988.

Linz, Juan. "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly 13:3 (Summer 1990): 143-164.

Locke, John. The Two Treaties of Government (1690). New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1960.

Malia, Martin. "A Fatal Logic," The National Interest (Spring 1993): 80-90.

____. "Leninist Endgame," Daedalus 121:2 (Spring 1992): 57-75.

Maxwell, Gerald and Pamela Oliver. "Collective Action Theory and Social Movements Research." Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 7 (1984): 1-27.

McCurley, Steve and Rick Lynch. Osnovi rukovodstva dobrovoltsami. Moscow: Raduga, 1994.

McSweeney, Dean. "The Political Science of Democratic Transition in Eastern Europe," Political Studies 41:3 (September 1993): 408-420.

Medvedev, Zhores A. and Roy A. A Question of Madness: Repression by Psychiatry in the Soviet Union. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.

Melucci, Alberto. "Social Movements and the Democratization of Everyday Life." In John Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State. (New York, Verso, 1988): 245-260..

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty and Other Essays. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991.

Neier, Aryeh. "Using Human Rights for Political Gains." Social Education 49:6 (September 1985): 477-479.

Nyoni, Sithembiso. "Indigenous NGOs: Liberation, Self-reliance, and Development," World Development 15 (1987): 51-56.

"Ob Obshchestvennikh Obedineniyakh," Rossiskaya Gazeta no. 32440 (May 25, 1995): 3-5.

O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusion about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1986.

Offe, Claus. "New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics." Social Research 52:4 (Winter 1985): .

_____. "The Politics of Social Policy in East European Transitions: Antecedents, Agents, and Agenda of Reform," Social Research 60:4 (Winter 1993): 649-684.

Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1971.

Parchomenko, Walter. Soviet Images of Dissidents and Nonconformists. New York: Praeger, 1986.

Petro, Nicolai N. The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Pipes, Richard. The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1964.

_____. Russia Under the Old Regime. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1974.

_____. "The USSR or Russia?: The Historical Perspective," in Uri Ra’anan and Charels M. Perry (eds.), The USSR Today and Tomorrow: Problems and Choices. Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Co., 1987.

Podrabinek, Alexander. Punitive Medicine. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1980.

Pollis, Adamantia, and Peter Schwab. Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Pomar, Mark. "The Role of Informal Groups and Independent Associations in the Evolution of Civil Society in the Soviet Union." Nationalities Papers XVIII:2 (Fall 1990): 50-55.

Prava Cheloveka v Rossii: Mezhdunarodnoe Izmerenie, vipusk 1. Moscow: Human Rights Publishers, 1995.

Pravozashchitnik 1-4 (1995).

"Press Conference by Russian and American Human Rights Defenders (Memorial Society and others)", Kremlin International News Broadcast Moscow, January 12, 1994.

Przeworski, Adam. "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy." In O’Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead (eds.). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1986): 47-63.

Raeff, Marc. "The People, the Intelligentsia and Russian Political Culture," Political Studies XLI (1993): 93-106.

Reddaway, Peter. "Civil Society and Soviet Psychiatry." Problems of Communism 40:4 (July-August 1991): 41-48.

Remnick, David. "Soviet Activists Regrouping -- Human Rights Movement Faces Dangerous Political Situation." Washington Post 114 (February 4, 1991): A6.

Rosaldo, Renato. "Imperialist Nostalgia," in Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989): 68-87.

Rose, Richard. "Postcommunism and the Problem of Distrust," Journal of Democracy 5:3 (July 1994): 18-30.

Rossiskii Byulleten po pravam cheloveka 6 (1995).

Rothberg, Abraham. The Heirs of Stalin: Dissidence and the Soviet Regime, 1953-1970. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1972.

Rubenstein, Joshua. Soviet Dissidents: Their Struggle for Human Rights. Boston: Beacon Press, 1980.

Sadomskaya, Natalia. "The Emergence of Civil Society." Nationalities Papers XIX:1 (Spring 1991): 76-78.

Sakharov, Andrei. Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom. New York: Norton, 1968.

Sakwa, Richard. "The Independent Movement and Civil Rights," In Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985-1990. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990): 200-230.

Sampson, Steve. "The Informal Sector in Eastern Europe." Telos 66 (Winter 1985/86):.

Scammell, Michael. "Prophet in the Wilderness: How the Idea of Human Rights Crippled Communism." The New Republic 204:8 (February 25, 1991): 29-38.

Sedaitis, Judith B., and Jim Butterfield (eds.). Perestroika from Below: Social Movement in the Soviet Union. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

Skilling, H. Gordon and Franklin Griffiths (eds.). Interest Groups in Soviet Politics. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1971.

Shtromas, Alexander and Morton A. Kaplan (eds.). The Soviet Union and the Challenge of the Future, Vols.1-4. New York: Paragon, 1988.

Smirnov, Aleksei. "The Role of NGOs in Defense of Human Rights - Regional Aspects," lecture at Charities Aid Foundation seminar Developing Legal Services of NGOs: Human Rights (Moscow, September 28, 1995).

"Soldiers’ Mothers Say Russia Undermining Release of POWs," 2x2 TV Moscow (2000 gmt), February 10, 1995.

Sorensen, Georg. Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing World. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.

Starr, S. Frederick. "Soviet Union: A Civil Society." Foreign Policy 70 (Spring 1988): 26-41.

Steele, Jonathan. Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev and the Mirage of Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1994.

Tismaneanu, Vladimir. In Search of Civil Society: Independent Peace Movements in the Soviet Bloc. New York: Routledge, 1990.

_____. Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel. New York: Free Press, 1992.

Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America (1840). New York: Knopf, 1945.

Tolz, Vera. "Informal Groups in the USSR," The Washington Quarterly 2:2 (Spring 1988): 137-144.

_____. "Problems in Building Democratic Institutions in Russia," RFE/RL Research Report 3:9 (March 4, 1994): 1-7.

_____. "Major Sociopolitical Movements in the USSR." Radio Liberty Research (June 13, 1990).

Toscano, Roberto. Soviet Human Rights Policy and Perestroika. MD: University Press of America, 1989.

Treadgold, Donald W. Twentieth-Century Russia. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.

Urban, George R. (ed.). Social and Economic Rights in the Soviet Block: A Documentary Review Seventy-five Years After the Bolshevik Revolution. New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1988.

Walkin, Jacob. The Rise of Democracy in Pre-Revolutionary Russia. New York: Praeger, 1962.

Walzer, Michael. "The Idea of Civil Society," Dissent 38 (Spring 1991): 293-304.

Weigle, Marcia A. and Jim Butterfield. "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes: The Logic of Emergence." Comparative Politics 25:1 (October 1992): 1-23.

Weigle, Marcia A. "Political Participation and Party Formation in Russia, 1985-1992: Institutionalizing Democracy?" The Russian Review 53 (April 1994): 240-270.

Wishnevsky, Julia. "Conflict Between State and ‘Memorial’ Society." Radio Liberty Research 1:3 (January 20, 1989): 10-11.

White, Stephen. Political Culture and Soviet Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979.

Wollmann, Hellmut. "Change and Continuity of Political and Administrative Elites from Communist to Post-Communist Russia," Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 6:3 (July 1993): 325-340.

Yanov, Alexander. The Drama of the Soviet 1960s: A Lost Reform. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, 1984.

Zevelev, Igor. Communist Ideology and Human Rights. Moscow: Institute of World Economy and International Relations, 1992.